Islamic History

The era of Islamic history usually is considered with the era of Prophet Muhammad (saws), who brought the last message of God (Allah) through Allah�s last revealed book, The Quran (The Koran).

Pre-Mohammadan Era

Numerous prophets came before Prophet Muhammad. Some of these prophets that are also mentioned in the Quran are the following �

• David (Daud in Arabic)
• Jacob (Yaqub in Arabic)
• Ishmael (Ismail in Arabic)
• Joseph (Yousuf in Arabic)
• Moses (Mousa in Arabic)
• Jesus (Eesa in Arabic)

The Era of the Prophet Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad was born in 571. He was bestowed the prophethood when he was forty years of age. He died when he was 63 years old.

The Era of the Four Caliphs

The four caliphs of Islam were �

-          Caliph Abu Bakr Siddique

-          Caliph Umar ibn Khattab

-          Caliph Uthman bin Affan

-          Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib

The Umayyads

 The Umayyad house was one part of the the Quraysh tribe. Uthman, the third caliph was part of the Umayyad�s but not considered as part of the Umayyad�s reign. The Umayyad Caliphs were based in Damascus as Muawiyah transferred the rule to Damascus after the death of the fourth Caliph of Islam, Ali bin Abi Talib.

The Islamic empire expanded greatly in the Umayyad�s rule. This expansion extended from North Africa and Iran, through the late 600s, from the Iberian Peninsula, in the west, to the east in what is today called Pakistan. Forces led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad crossed Gibraltar and established Muslim power in the Iberian peninsula, while other armies established power far away in Sindh, in Northern India. The Caliphs of Umayyad reign were as follows:

• Muawiyah I ibn Abi Sufyan, 661�680
• Yazid I ibn Muawiyah, 680�683
• Muawiya II ibn Yazid, 683�684
• Marwan I ibn Hakam, 684�685
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, 685�705
• al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik, 705�715
• Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik, 715�717
• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, 717�720
• Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik, 720�724
• Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, 724�743
• al-Walid II ibn Yazid II, 743�744
• Yazid III ibn al-Walid, 744
• Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, 744
• Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira) 744�750

Islam In Spain:

The 'abbasids

During Walid II, Yazid III, Ibrahim�s reigns, numerous rebellions paralyzed the caliphate. Specifically, the Kharijites seized Kufa, and feuds between the Qaysites and Kalbites errupted. The last Umayyad caliph of Syria, Marwan II (744-750), attempted to bring some calm but by this time the Abbasid revolutionary movement had gained momentum in the eastern provinces of the empire. In 749 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah was proclaimed the first Abbasid caliph; and the final Umayyad caliph was killed in 750. Only one Umayyad, Abd al-Rahman, escaped: he fled to Spain where he established the dynasty of the Umayyads of Cordoba. (REWORD)

Al-Mansur was one of the first Caliphs of the Abbasid reign. Abbasid�s transferred the power of Islamic rule to Baghdad. Abbasid�s were one of the longest ruling families in Islamic history. The caliphs were �

�         Abu'l Abbas As-Saffah 750 - 754

�         Al-Mansur 754 - 775

�         Al-Mahdi 775 - 785

�         Al-Hadi 785 - 786

�         Harun al-Rashid 786 - 809

�         Al-Amin 809 - 813

�         Al-Ma'mun 813 - 833

�         Al-Mu'tasim 833 - 842

�         Al-Wathiq 842 - 847

�         Al-Mutawakkil 847 - 861

�         Al-Muntasir 861 - 862

�         Al-Musta'in 862 - 866

�         Al-Mu'tazz 866 - 869

�         Al-Muhtadi 869 - 870

�         Al-Mu'tamid 870 - 892

�         Al-Mu'tadid 892 - 902

�         Al-Muktafi 902 - 908

�         Al-Muqtadir 908 - 932

�         Al-Qahir 932 - 934

�         Ar-Radi 934 - 940

�         Al-Muttaqi 940 - 944

�         Al-Mustakfi 944 - 946

�         Al-Muti 946 - 974

�         At-Ta'i 974 - 991

�         Al-Qadir 991 - 1031

�         Al-Qa'im 1031 - 1075

�         Al-Muqtadi 1075 - 1094

�         Al-Mustazhir 1094 - 1118

�         Al-Mustarshid 1118 - 1135

�         Ar-Rashid 1135 - 1136

�         Al-Muqtafi 1136 - 1160

�         Al-Mustanjid 1160 - 1170

�         Al-Mustadi 1170 - 1180

�         An-Nasir 1180 - 1225

�         Az-Zahir 1225 - 1226

�         Al-Mustansir 1226 - 1242

�         Al-Musta'sim 1242 - 1258

�          

�         Al-Mustansir 1261

�         Al-Hakim I (Cairo) 1262-1302

�         Al-Mustakfi I of Cairo 1303-1340

�         Al-Wathiq I 1340-1341

�         Al-Hakim II 1341-1352

�         Al-Mu'tadid I 1352-1362

�         Al-Mutawakkil I 1362-1383

�         Al-Wathiq II 1383-1386

�         Al-Mu'tasim 1386-1389

�         Al-Mutawakkil I (restored) 1389-1406

�         Al-Musta'in 1406-1414

�         Al-Mu'tadid II 1414-1441

�         Al-Mustakfi II 1441-1451

�         Al-Qa'im 1451-1455

�         Al-Mustanjid 1455-1479

�         Al-Mutawakkil II 1479-1497

�         Al-Mustamsik 1497-1508

�         Al-Mutawakkil III 1508-1517

The Fatimids:

The Mongols:

The Ottomans:

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